“INVITATION”
=Invitation is a way to invite someone or more to go to a place or to do something.
>there are two types of invitation
1. formal invitation
Formal invitation is usually orginate from institutes companies and kind of it. Normally formal invitation is written invitation.

2. In formal invitation
Informal invitation is personal invitation given to a friend,family,etc. informal invitation can be written invitation and verbal invitation.
 Example of verbal invitation
¤ I would like to invite you to…
¤ Would you like to come to…
¤ How would you like to go ……
¤ Are you free this evening …?
¤ Lets go
¤ Can you come
¤ We hope you will join us

 For accepting (menerima)
 Thank you for the invitation
 I like that
 That sounds great
 That would be wonderful
 For refusing (menolak)
 Sorry ,I’m really busy
 I’d love too, but I can’t

“APPOINTMENTS”
 Making an appointment
o I’d like to make an appointments with …….(mr.jones)
o I want to make an appointment to see …..
o I’d like you to come and see…..
o Can I come and see you???

 Accepting an appointment
 All right, see you there..
 No problem, I’m free on ….
 Be there on time
 I’ii wait for you
 It’s a deal

 Cancelling an appointments
 I’m sorry , I’m very busy
 I’m terrible sorry I have to put off my appointment

 Changing an appointment
 What about …
 Is that ok, if we meet at..
 Do you another time this afternoon?











“HAPPINES EXPRESSION”
Happiness expression is an expression that is used to show that some one or people are glad have excited feelings.

 What would you say to express your happiness.
o I’m happy
o I’m very pleased
o Great
o Terrific
o Fantastic
o I’m so glad to hear that!

 Expressing happiness
o Oh I’m so happy
o I cant say how pleased I’m
o It’s a sensational trip
o I’m really happy
o I’m happy to hear that!

“GAINNING ATTENTION”
IS a way or expression that is spoken so that other people will pay their attention to what we want to….
@the example expressions of gaining attention
-wow…. Really
-waiter
-Listen to me,please!!
-Excuse me,look here

“SYMPATHY EXPRESSION”
Sympathy expressions in an expression or feeling of pity and sorrow when we know and see someone or people are unlucky or have trouble and in bad condition. By expressing sympathy we want to show our concern or carefulness or other people condition

#one more to give sympathy expression to someone!

=letter =radio
=sms =newspaper
=e-mail =magazine
=tv

#several expressions of sympathy
-I’m sorry to hear that
-oh,dear
-oh,how awful!

“GIVING INSTRUCTIONS”
Is an expressions that is used in order that,order person does what we instruct or request.

 The example of giving instructions
1. Open your book
2. Close the door,please
3. Be quiet, please
4. Move the chair
5. Open the window
6. Ect
The tense used in giving instructions is simple present


“ANNOUNCEMENT”
Is something said,written or printed to make known that has happendned or (more often) what will happen .
In writing an announcement keep the follow
Title/type of the event
Date, time and place
Contact person

Example of announcement

ANNOUNCEMENT

Committee

School trip to golden sands beach

On 28^th of august, the school will hold a school trip to Golden sands beach.

Time                     :07.30a.m

Programs               :morning swimming,games,volleyball;lunch in the sea view reastaurant. Afternoon walk along the beach to the lagoon;watch the boat festival.

Fee                      :Rp.50.000,-

Contact person     :vita,zaskia

Chair person

Anne saragih

“RECOUNT TEXT”
Is a text that is used to retell events for the purpose of informing or entertaining


Orientation :it give the readers the background information needed to understand the text such as who was involved,where it happened when it happened
Events :a series of events,ordered in a chronological sequence
Re –orientation : restates of writer’s opinion or personal comment of the writer on the incident.



The significant lexicogramatical features
a. Use a simple past tense
b. Use of temporal conjuctions (whwn,after,before,next,letter and then
c. Use of personal pronoun (I,we)






Example of Recount text

MY CAT

          I remember the day when I first got Sandy,my 7year old cat. I wanted  to name her because she was so cute. My older sister Michelle convinced me to name her Sandy bucket instead; so we could call her sandy for short. I was si attached to sandy. Every time I saw her,I couldn’t walk away, I would just have to hug her .i even slept at the end of my bed,so I can hug her the whole night even though I was freezing.

          I always remember so many fun times with sandy. Like when we would run and jump off the end of our  pier,and sandy  would chase after us. When I was scered or mad, I would just hug sandy and everything would’nt be so bad.

          But one night,right before I went to bed. My mom let her out. While I went to sleep,my moom  went to call sandy back in. but she didn’t come in,so I thought  she maybe went inside my neighbor’s house. As my mom and dad went outside to look sandy ,I became really worried . they couldn’t find her. Every ten minutes  they would go out to look her , so I went to bed hoping she was safe. I just thought  she got lost and would came back tomorrow.

          The next day  was the worst. My mom woke us early snd told me and my sister , michelle  ,that sandy died last night. I was so sad and didi not want to do anything that day. When I was going to school, I could not stop crying . at school my friend made me cards and tried to make me stop crying,but I couldn’t . my teacher would always look at me and ask why I was crying.even my friends was crying with me.

          When I got home  I went to my room crying really loudly. I wanted to scream. I came downstairs and hugged my mom. She said we could get another cat. Then,she was trying to find a new cat on the internet. But I didn’t want another cat. I wanted sandy. She never found one that looked like sandy or the same kind.

”NARATIVE TEXT”
Tells a real or imaginary story. It is included in the story genre
Generic structure of the text
Orientation :it sets the scene and introduces the participants it answer the questions:who,what,when and where,
Complication : a crisis or a problem a rises. It usually involves the main characters.
Resolution :a solution to the problem (for better or worse) . main characters find a way to solve the problem.
Evaluation :a step back to evaluate the plight.
Coda :changes of characters or lesson value of the story.
Re-orientation:relaxed in the story

Language structure
Nouns tertentu sebagai kata ganti orang dalam cerita.
Adjective yang memebentuk noun pharase
Time connectives and conjunctions untuk menguratkan kejadian and,then,before,that. Ect.
Actions verbs dalam past tense
Saying verbs yang menandai ucapan

Kinds of narrative text :
Myth
Legend
Fable
Folklore
ect
example of narrative text;

Butterflies

There was a time in my life when beauty meant something special to me. I guess that would have been when I was about six or seven years old, just several weeks or maybe a month before the orphanage turned me into an old man.
I would get up every morning at the orphanage, make my bed just like the little soldier that I had become and then I would get into one of the two straight lines and march to breakfast with the other twenty or thirty boys who also lived in my dormitory.
After breakfast one Saturday morning I returned to the dormitory and saw the house parent chasing the beautiful monarch butterflies who lived by the hundreds in the azalea bushes strewn around the orphanage.
I carefully watched as he caught these beautiful creatures, one after the other, and then took them from the net and then stuck straight pins through their head and wings, pinning them onto a heavy cardboard sheet.
How cruel it was to kill something of such beauty. I had walked many times out into the bushes, all by myself, just so the butterflies could land on my head, face and hands so I could look at them up close.
When the telephone rang the house parent laid the large cardboard paper down on the back cement step and went inside to answer the phone. I walked up to the cardboard and looked at the one butterfly who he had just pinned to the large paper. It was still moving about so I reached down and touched it on the wing causing one of the pins to fall out. It started flying around and around trying to get away but it was still pinned by the one wing with the other straight pin. Finally it's wing broke off and the butterfly fell to the ground and just quivered.
I picked up the torn wing and the butterfly and I spat on it's wing and tried to get it to stick back on so it could fly away and be free before the house parent came back. But it would not stay on him.
The next thing I knew the house parent came walking back out of the back door by the garbage room and started yelling at me. I told him that I did not do anything but he did not believe me. He picked up the cardboard paper and started hitting me on the top of the head. There were all kinds of butterfly pieces going everywhere. He threw the cardboard down on the ground and told me to pick it up and put it in the garbage can inside the back room of the dormitory and then he left.

<>
I sat there in the dirt, by that big old tree, for the longest time trying to fit all the butterfly pieces back together so I could bury them whole, but it was too hard to do. So I prayed for them and then I put them in an old torn up shoe box and I buried them in the bottom of the fort that I had built in the ground, out by the large bamboos, near the blackberry bushes.
Every year when the butterflies would return to the orphanage and try to land on me I would try and shoo them away because they did not know that the orphanage was a bad place to live and a very bad place to die.







“PROCEDURE TEXT”
Is designed to describe how something is achieved through a sequence of actions or steps. It explain how people perform different process. In a sequence of steps. This text uses the simple present tense, often, imperative sentences. It also usually uses the temporal conjunctions, such as first, second, then, next finally etc.

STRUCTURE OF PROCEDURE TEXT
GOAL / TITLE
MATERIALS
STEPS

Example of procedure text
HOW TO MAKE A PIZZA



Ingredients: Tomatos, Cheese, Topping, Spices, Flour, Yeast, Pan



Procedure:
#1First get some yeast and a pan.
#2Turn on your bread machine.
#3Put flour, yeast into bread machine.
#4Take out in 30 min to an hour.
#5 Smash tomatoes, open can put spices on pizza.
#6 Open cheese bag sprinkle on sauce.
#7 Put topping of your choice on the pizza.
#8 Cook in oven 30 minutes to an hour.
#9 Open oven and take out pizza. Caution! Pan is hot!
#10 Cut pizza into slices.


“PAST TENSE”
Simple past : is used for describing acts that have already been concluded and whose exact time of occurrence is known. Furthermore,simple past is used for retelling successive events. That is why it is commonly used in storytelling.
Simple past tense : a kind of tense which is used to describe an events or action that happened already in a certain time in the past.

The pattern :
(+) S +V2 + O
(-) S + DID NOT +VERB 1 + O
(?) DID + S +V1 ?

Example of past tense
(+) we helped our teacher yesterday morning
(-) we did not help our teacher yesterday morning
(?) did we help our teacher yesterday morning?

Time signal
Yesterday
Last night
Last week
Two days ago
Last weekend



“PRESENT TENSE”
To express habits, general truths, repeated actions or unchanging, situations, emotions, and wishes. I WORK IN LONDON. I FROZE

To give instructions or directions
@you walk
@you turn

To express fixed arrangements, present of future you exam starts at 09.00a.m

For general truths
^my eyes always in my head

For instructions or directions
*open the packet
*Pour the contents in to hot water

For fixed arrangements
#his mother arrives tomorrow
#Our holiday starts at the 29th august

Adverb of time
Always
Never
Every
Often
Seldom
Usually
Sometimes



Verbal sentence
S + v1 (s/es) + O
Negative form
S + do/does + not +v1+ O
Interogative form
Do/Does + S +V1 + O

Example of present tense
(+) He goes to school
(-) He does not goes to school
(?) Does he goes to school?




“GREETINGS”
Greetings is a very common expressions to say that we meet people or we want to be nice with them.

Expressions to greet people are :
Hi …
Hello …
How are you!!!
Good morning!!
Good afternoon!!!
How do you do??
How are things with you!!
How is life??




“AUTOBIOGRAPHY”
Autobiography adalah sebuah profil orang yang dikagumi dan ditulis dalan sebuah buku.

Example of autobiography
Biography

Albert Einstein


Albert Einstein was one of the greatest minds in world history. Einstein is known as a brilliant physicist who contributed more to the scientific world than any other person. His theories on relativity paved the way for how science currently views time, space, energy, and gravity. Einstein was so advanced in his thinking that his studies and work set the standards for the control of scientific energy and space explorations currently being studied in the field of astrophysics.

Einstein, like most brilliant minds, was also an eccentric who set himself apart from people and family to research in solitude while being a public figure supporting issues that he believed in. As history would be written, his humanitarian work would also provide the basis to one of the most destructive forces ever known to man, the atomic bomb.

Albert Einstein is also famous for his many quotes. One quote is, "One cannot help but be in awe [one] contemplates the mysteries of eternity, of life, of the marvelous structures of reality." Another quote is "The most important human endeavor is the striving for morality in our action, Our inner balances and even our very existence depend on it. Only morality in our actions can give beauty and dignity to life."

Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in Ulm, Germany. His parents were Pauline and Hermann Einstein. It is interesting to note that neither of his parents had any knowledge in the areas of math or science. Even Albert, in his early years, was a very shy but curious kid that showed very little aptitude for anything. In elementary school, Albert was such an under achiever in all subjects other than math and science that his parents suspected that he might be retarded. As it turned out, Albert preferred to learn on his own and had taught himself advanced mathematics and science by the time he was a teenager.

Another interesting fact is that between the ages of six to thirteen, he studied the violin. After a failed attempt to skip high school and attend the Swiss Polytechnic University in 1895, Albert went to Aarau, Switzerland to finish high school. He graduated from high school at the age of 17 and enrolled at the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich. Albert graduated in 1900 with a degree in physics.

Albert Einstein's most noted contribution to the world is his theory of relativity. By 1902, Einstein was working on combining time and space, matter and energy. In 1905 when he was only 26 years old, he published a paper on relativity. This paper showed mathematically that the speed of light is constant and not relative to its source or to the viewer. Einstein had actually written an essay when he was only 16 years old on relativity, which became the basis for his published paper. The greatest result of relativistic physics was Einstein's famous relation, E=mc2 . In this, he was able to prove that any increase in the energy, E, of a body must lead to a corresponding increase in its mass, m, these increases being related by a factor c2 , where c represents the velocity of light squared.

Albert Einstein published several other papers this same year. They were quantum law and the emission and absorption of light, Brownian motion, the inertia of energy, and the electrodynamics of moving bodies. The research on quantum law and the emission and absorption of light won him the Nobel Prize in physics in 1921. Incidentally, he was not present at the award ceremony due to his trip to Japan.

At the time of the publication on the theory of relativity, the people that read the papers met them with skepticism and ridicule. As the other papers were published, they were viewed the same way. Since these papers were so advanced, only a few physicists even understood them, and they slowly started to realize what a true genius Einstein actually was.

In 1914, Einstein found himself in demand all over Europe. He went to Berlin as a professor and latter accepted a prestigious appointment as the head of Kaiser Wilhelm Physical Institute, special professor at the University of Berlin. There he was a member of the Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences and had all the research time he wanted.

In 1933 Albert Einstein came to the United States. He had accepted a position with the Advanced study in Princeton, New Jersey. At the University, he was again allowed to follow his own ideas and do research as he sought. At the University, he also aided Jewish scientists and students who were forced to leave Germany.

Possibly, Albert Einstein's most famous writing was a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt on August 2, 1939. In his letter, he warned of the possibility of Germany building an atomic bomb and urged the President to do nuclear research and complete the bomb before the Germans did. Albert wrote the letter as a result of a request from a friend, Leo Szilard. Szilard had become alarmed after the discovery of uranium fission. Szilard also asked Einstein to warn the Belgian Queen Mother. At the time of this request in 1939, most American physicists doubted that atomic energy or atomic bombs were a possibility. Although not a well-known fact, there was two letters written and signed by Einstein to send to President Roosevelt . There was a short version and a long version. Einstein preferred the long version and so that was the one that was finally delivered to the President. The letter did not have much impact and World War II began on September 1, 1939.

It was not until December 6, 1941, that the United States would start a large-scale atomic project. This project would be known as the "Manhatten" Project. Speaking of war, Albert was able to avoid being inducted into the war due to the fact that he had flat feet and bulging veins. A little known third letter was written by Albert to President Rossevelt stating that atomic research should not be used against people. As a further note, Albert was appalled when the United States dropped the atomic bomb on Japan.

Albert Einstein's character shows up where, like the famous relation, E=mc2, his imaginative daring came into play. Besides his equation, E=mc2, he immediately went further. Albert was so sure that his equation could not be refuted, he presumed without any further proof that his theory was correct and that mass was a form of energy. It would be many years before this would actually prove to be true. Another side of Albert Einstein shows up with the letter he sent to President Roosevelt. He opposed the use of force and the building weapons, but he could not stand silently by while another country had sole possession of destructive powers.

Albert Einstein, like so many, had a dark side to him also. His first daughter was born a year before he and Mileva were married, and they gave up their baby daughter for adoption shortly after her birth. Albert and Mileva also had two sons that they kept. In 1919, his first marriage to Mileva Maric ended in divorce. The same year, Albert married his cousin Elsa Einstein.

The death of Albert Einstein came on April 18, 1955 in Princeton, New Jersey. After a long illness, he died peacefully in his sleep. The listed cause of death is a ruptured artery in his heart. Upon his request in his will, there was no funeral, no grave, and no marker. His brain was donated to science and his body was cremated and his ashes were spread over a near-by river.

In conclusion, Albert Einstein ranks as one of the greatest people for his contributions towards physics and his part as a philosopher of science and as a humanitarian. And like so many other great people in history, he was criticized and even threatened with death for his beliefs and convictions. Even up to his final days, the genius continued his search for laws that would explain more of the universe. To this day, his ideas and theories are still being followed through on.

As a final insight to the personality and humor this genius possessed, he had been lecturing for over an hour on his theory time. Suddenly he stopped and with a pained look on his face, said, "I fear it is getting late. Does anyone know the time?" This great person was more at home in old clothes which included a sweater and his slippers and his long white hair than in any other way. It was also in the above attire that he often greeted his guests in and served them tea despite their reputation. So normal yet so brilliant!

















“ANALYZE CHARACTER, SETTING, ETC”
1. Plot :story has a certain arrangement of events which are taken to have a relation to one another. This arrangement of events to some end for instance to create significance ,raise the level of generality, extend or complicate the meaning is known as plot.
2. Character : characters in a work of story are generally designed to open up or explore certain aspects of human experience. Characters often depict particular traits of human nature; they may represent only one or two traits a greedy old man who has forgotten how to care about others, for instance or they may represent very complex conflict, value and emotions.
3. Setting :stories requires a setting ; this as in poetry may vary from the concrete to the general often setting will have particular culturally coded significance a sea shore has a significance for us different from that of a dirty street corner, for instance , and different situations and significances can be constructed through its use.
4. Theme : theme is also important to, theme is special idea which is used as base in writing down story mostly letter than implicit.
5. Point of view : point of view as apposition of author to events in story. There is point of view of first person singular and there is third person singular point of view.
6. Language style : language style is the way to typically in laying open feeling or mind through language in the form of oral or article.






“VOCABS :SHAPE AND PARTS OF BODY”

3D SHAPES

1.
CUBE


2.
CYLINDER



3.
PYRAMID



RECTANGULAR PRISM
4.






MATHEMATICAL SHAPE
1.
PARELLEOGRAM



2.
PENTAGON


3.

HEXAGON






SIMPLE STRAIGHT SLIDE SHAPES
4.
RECTANGLE



5.
SQUARE



6.
TRIANGLE







TYPES OF TRIANGLE
1.


EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE



2.

RECTANGULAR PRISM



3.

RIGHT ANGLED TRIANGLE





SIMPLE ROUNDED SHAPE
1.

CIRCLE





2.
OVAL













MISCLEANEOUS SHAPES
1.
HEART




2.
DIAMOND








THE HUMAN BODY
















“PRESENT PERFECT TENSE”
DEFINITION 1 :Is used for describing a past action’s effect on the present. He has arrived. Now he is here this holds true for events that have just been secluded as well as for events that have not yet occurred.

Present perfect tense is formed by combining have/has with the main verb’s past participle form.
I HAVE ARRIVED
A negation is produced by inserting not after have/has
I HAVE NOT ARRIVED
Questions in present perfect are formulated by staring a sentence with have/has
HAS SHE ARRIVED??
DEFINITION 2: Is akind of tense that is used to describe an action or an event that started in a certain time in the past and completed or finished till certain time in the past too ; or past perfect tense is used to express an action or an event that had happened before the other event or action happened

The pattern :
(+) S + HAD + V3 + O
(-) S + HAD + NOT + V3 + O
(?) HAD + S + V3 + 0

Example :
(+) we had slept before they come.
(-) we had not slept before they come.
(?) had we slept before they come??

Adverbs use : from 1995 to 1999, once, twice, etc



“LISTENING ;; MAKE ME A COPY PLEASE!!!!
Often time student are not able to communicating clearly what they would like to say. It is purpose of this lesson to help student understand to need to be articulate and precise when explain steps to another student. In addition the student listening will learn to be a more affective listener.

GOAL: students will understand to need to be articulate when communicating.
Objectives :
1. The student will use descriptive eplications to guide another student in completing the task.
2. The student will explain the importance of being articulate and the frustration when directions are unclear .

Background information
@ This activity will teach student to explain what they see and guide another student in reproducing the drawing by what they are told.
CONCEPTS : student will able to :
1. Explain and articulate the steps to reproducing a drawing
2. Follow directions as closely as possible
3. Communicate with follow students to accomplish the given task
Example :
1. Make me a copy sains,please!!
2. Make me a copy English home work please !!
3. Make me a copy biology please!!




“SPEAKING SPEECH”
Speech is a opinion that for breath mother varrous can be shape write or tongue.
Example :
Speech - Global Warming: a Time to Act←Wikisource:Speeches Speech at Town Hall Los Angeles
by Dianne Feinstein
Information about this edition
Delivered on 25 October 2006.
Today, I am here to discuss global warming -- the single greatest environmental challenge facing our planet. So let me explain the gravity of the situation station. The fuel we use to power our homes, our cars, and our businesses is causing the earth to warm faster than anyone expected.
The first seven months of this year, and the last three decades, were the warmest in the United States since national record-keeping began in 1895. And the Earth’s temperature has climbed to the highest point it has been in the past 12,000 years.
A scientific consensus has been forged. There is broad agreement that the Earth will only get hotter. The question is how hot and why?
First, how hot?
If we act now and further temperature increases are kept to 1 to 2 degrees Fahrenheit by the end of this century, the damages – though significant – will be manageable. But if we don’t act, and warming increases by 5 to 9 degrees by the end of this century, the damage will be catastrophic and irreversible.
So we must act now.
Each of us is confronted with a choice: a choice that will impact not only our future, but the futures of our children and grandchildren. Do we continue with a business-as-usual attitude? Or do we make the changes necessary to prevent catastrophe?
Now for the question, why?
Quite simply, because we are addicted to fossil fuels. And it is the burning of these fuels – coal, oil, gasoline and natural gas and the greenhouse gases they produce – that is the primary cause of global warming.
Carbon dioxide is produced by power plants, cars, manufacturing, and to power residential and commercial buildings. And here is the key: Carbon dioxide doesn’t dissipate. It stays in the atmosphere for five decades or more – causing the Earth’s temperature to rise.That means that the carbon dioxide produced in the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s is still in the atmosphere today. And the carbon dioxide produced today will still be in the atmosphere in 2050 and beyond.
And there will be serious consequences for our planet unless we make major changes. Leading scientists say that to stabilize the planet’s climate by the end of the century, we need a 70 percent reduction in carbon dioxide emissions below 1990 levels by 2050.
So the goal should be to stabilize carbon dioxide at 450 parts per million by 2050. This could contain further warming to 1 to 2 degrees Fahrenheit.
The Earth has warmed 1 degree in the past century, and we are now seeing the dramatic effects:
Oceans are rising; coral reefs are dying; species are disappearing; glaciers are melting.
We learned just last week that Greenland is now losing 20% more mass than it receives from new snowfall each year. And it will shrink further as the planet warms.
Extreme weather patterns have emerged – heat waves, droughts, hurricanes, floods – and they are occurring with greater frequency and greater intensity.
In 2003, heat waves caused 20,000 deaths in Europe and 1,500 deaths in India.
And the number of Category 4 and 5 hurricanes has doubled since the 1970’s. Katrina alone is testament to that.
And things will only get worse as Earth’s temperature rises. The question is: how much will the increase be?
If nothing is done…if the Earth warms 5 to 9 degrees Fahrenheit, the face of our planet will change forever.
The Greenland and Western Antarctic ice sheets would melt completely. These two ice sheets currently hold 20 percent of the Earth’s fresh water.Sea levels could well rise by 20 feet. Think about the damage that would cause to coastal areas around the world.

Additionally , hurricanes, tornadoes and other severe weather would become more volatile than ever. Malaria would spread.
Here in California: More than half of the Sierra snowpack would disappear. This is equal to the water supply for the 16 million people in the Los Angeles basin.
The rise in sea levels would cause catastrophic flooding – and the Los Angeles basin would be especially vulnerable.
Catastrophic wildfires would more than double.
We had a mild taste of that future in July. Here in Los Angeles, temperatures spiked to well above 100 degrees. And it was far worse in other areas of the State.
I met recently with scientists from the Scripps Institute of Oceanography.
And they said to me that if they have erred, it has been because their climate projections are too conservative and the Earth may be much closer to a tipping point than science has shown thus far.
And if we move beyond that tipping point, catastrophe becomes a certainty. You can’t go back, because the carbon dioxide remains in the atmosphere for so long.
That’s why we must act soon and decisively.
The question is: what should we do?
The United States emits some 25 percent of the world’s greenhouse gases, and we’re 4 percent of the world’s population. So we are the big producer.
The largest contributor to global warming is electricity generation -- 33 percent – followed by transportation -- 28 percent. These two sectors combine to make up 61 percent of the problem.
The remaining contributors are:
Industry – 20 percent
Agriculture – 7 percent
Commercial – 6.5 percent
Residential – 6.5 percent
Let me be clear: there is no silver bullet. There is no one thing that we can do to solve the problem. Every business, home, and industry must do its share. So what can be done?
Let me begin with electricity generation. This is the single largest piece of the global warming puzzle --responsible for 33 percent of global warming gases in the United States . And the biggest culprit here is pulverized coal, which is the major source of energy in 40 of the 50 states.
Coal, alone, produces 27 percent of annual carbon dioxide emissions, or 2.1 billion tons every year.
Globally, coal produces 9.3 billion tons of carbon dioxide every year – or one-third of all global greenhouse gas emissions. So it’s critical that we find ways to clean up coal.
Earlier this year, the Senate Energy Committee held a symposium on global warming. The consensus was that a mandatory cap-and-trade program would be the most effective way forward. And so we are working to create such a program.
We would begin with two bills – one for electricity and one for industry.
Here’s how it would work: we would cap the amount of global warming gases – including carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide – and that cap would be established on all major emitters.
In all likelihood, the cap would remain at present levels for a few years to give the industry the opportunity to make the changes necessary. Gradually, these caps would be tightened, and emissions reduced.
Electricity producers would have two ways to meet the cap:
Either implement new technologies, or Purchase credits from other companies that have reduced their emissions below the target cap. (A credit essentially is an allowance to emit a ton of greenhouse gases.)
So, the cap would be met—and carbon dioxide would be reduced over time.
One of the key elements of our program is to put agriculture in the system. We would allow farmers and foresters to earn credits for moving to greener farming practices.
These include:
Tilling land less frequently;
Planting trees on vacant land; and
Converting crops to those that can be used for bio-fuels.
Farmers and growers would be able to earn dollars for acres converted to carbon sequestration and reduction.
Next we need to include other major industrial producers of carbon dioxide in a similar regime.
The fact of the matter is that cap and trade has worked before. It’s not a revolutionary concept. Using the Clean Air Act, a cap-and-trade regime was implemented in the 1980s to reduce sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions from electric utility plants in the northeast. These are the primary culprits of acid rain.
In the 16 years, this scheme has been in place, sulfur dioxide emissions have been reduced by about 34 percent (5 million tons) and nitrogen oxide emissions have been reduced by 43 percent (3 million tons). So cap and trade can be effective.
And, the governors of seven northeastern states are instituting a cap-and trade system known as the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative. It will become effective in 2008.
The plan is to cap carbon dioxide emissions from electricity plants at current levels until 2015; and then begin reducing emissions incrementally to achieve a 10% reduction by 2019.
And last week, Governor Schwarzenegger announced that California may well join the Northeast regional system in the trading of credits.
At the same time, I am pleased to announce that I am very close to reaching agreement with the Clean Energy Group of utilities on a cap a trade regime for electricity.
The Clean Energy Group consists of PG&E, Florida Power and Light, Exelon, Entergy, Calpine, and Public Service Enterprise group.
These companies produce 15 percent of the energy consumed in the United States today – 150,000 megawatts out of the 1 million megawatts produced nationwide. This is enough energy to power 150 million homes.
I will be introducing the legislation in the new session of Congress.
Let me take up transportation -- cars, trucks, planes, and cargo ships, which represents 28 percent of carbon dioxide emissions.
And passenger vehicles alone – cars, light-trucks, and SUVs – make up 20 percent of all U.S. emissions (1.2 tons).
Fundamentally, there are two ways to reduce these emissions.
1. Improve the fuel efficiency of vehicles.
2. Move away from oil and gasoline-based fuels and toward alternatives.
I believe we need to do both.
The good news is that the technology exists to significantly improve the fuel economy of these vehicles. The bad news is that Detroit and many foreign auto makers refuse to utilize the technologies.
So Senator Olympia Snowe of Maine and I have offered legislation that would require the mileage for all cars, pick-up trucks, and SUVs to be increased from 25 to 35 miles per gallon over the next 10 years.
We call it the “ten-by-ten” bill.
If this bill becomes law:
We would save 420 million metric tons of carbon dioxide by 2025. That is the equivalent of taking 90 million cars off the road in one year.
And we would save 2.5 million barrels of oil a day by 2025. By coincidence, this is the amount of oil imported daily from the Persian Gulf.
This is a simple solution, and it can be accomplished.
The other side of the transportation coin is new technologies and alternative fuels. As long as our nation continues its addiction to oil, we cannot sufficiently slow the warming trend. That’s why we need to develop new, clean technologies and alternative fuels.
This includes the electric plug-in hybrid, biofuels, E-85 using cellulosic ethanol, and fuel cells.
The good news is that substantial venture capital funding is available today for clean energy projects. Here are just a few of the most promising:
Last week I visited a Silicon Valley start-up -- Bloom Energy -- that is developing clean fuel cells that will produce both electricity and hydrogen to fuel our vehicles.
The fuel cell has cathode ink on one side, anode ink on the other, separated by zirconia sand covered plastic, which becomes the catalyst. The size is about 4 inches by 4 inches. It alone can power a 30 watt light bulb for 5 years.
Together these fuel cells can be combined to fit in a parking space, and can power a 20,000 square foot building.
The electricity is produced -- with no carbon dioxide emissions – only water and hydrogen.
This is the future, and this is what we ought to be supporting.
It is also my understanding that Bill Gates has joined with venture capitalist Vinod Khosla to spearhead investment efforts in ethanol plants which, when completed, will produce 220 million gallons by 2009.
Others are investing in new ideas – inexpensive solar panels, windmills that can be built in your backyard for $10,000, and geothermal energy that harnesses the heat of the Earth.
Chevron has formed a strategic research alliance with the National Renewable Energy Lab in Colorado to advance the development of biofuels. It is also working with scientists at UC Davis to develop cellulosic ethanol.
And Los Angeles has become a “Climate Action Leader” and has registered its greenhouse gases and will be seeking to reduce its emissions.
These efforts are so important, and I want to encourage you to support them.
So that’s the electricity and transportation sectors. But America needs to become much more energy efficient as well – both in terms of green building codes and individual conservation and energy use.
An aggressive energy national efficiency program could prevent a substantial amount of carbon dioxide going into the air.
This is the third prong of my proposal.
This would come from the incorporation of energy efficient building materials in construction – such as insulation, more efficient windows, and renewable technologies like solar or wind.
Green construction is also cost-effective. An initial $100,000 investment can result in a savings of $1 million or more over the life of a building of 20,000 square feet – that’s about the size of a Safeway or Borders bookstore.
And the bigger the building, the greater the potential savings.
Individuals can also make a difference. This means carpooling, using energy efficient light bulbs, and choosing ENERGY STAR appliances.
ENERGY STAR home products, such as air conditioners, furnaces, refrigerators, dishwashers, phones, DVD players, and televisions, must become standard for all Americans.In 2005, these products saved consumers $12 billion, and reduced emissions by nearly 5 percent.

These are easy to do, and they can really make a major difference.
So early on in the 110th Congress, I plan to introduce a series of bills to meet these goals:
1. A mandatory cap-and-trade program for electricity.
A mandatory cap-and-trade program for industry.
2. Then “ten-by-ten bill,” requiring increased mileage of 10 miles per gallon within the next 10 years. That means mileage would go from 25 to 35 miles per gallon.
3. An alternative fuels bill that requires 70 percent of all vehicles produced after 2014 to be flex-fuel capable. The cost is small, $100 per vehicle.
These vehicles would be required to have a green gas cap to show the owner that the car can accept other fuels.
We would also require that gas stations owned and operated by major oil companies have at least one pump that provides alternative fuels at every station.
4. The fourth bill will be a national energy efficiency program -- including strict appliance and building standards and requiring utilities to use energy efficiency measures to meet a portion of their demand.
5. Elimination of the protectionist tariff (54 cents per gallon) placed on Brazilian ethanol. This was done at the behest of the corn industry – to make imported ethanol non-competitive. It is estimated that Brazilian produced E-85 will be cheaper and work better.
And Senator Craig Thomas and I are working on a plan to use Wyoming Powder River Coal to produce cleaner electricity by sequestering carbon dioxide. The power will then be sold to Western States including California.
These bills are just the beginning.
Additionally, the U.S. must make addressing global warming a top priority and join the European Union and other nations in reducing emissions. We can, and must lead. But this won’t solve the problem.
Here’s why: the United States certainly leads in the production of greenhouse gases, but we are closely followed by China, Europe, Russia, Japan, and India. So all countries must participate.
The Kyoto Protocol is certainly not perfect, and it will expire in 2012. So the U.S. needs to gear up and be a leader.
At the same time, the United States should also lead an effort with China to create a public-private partnership fund to prioritize bilateral global warming projects.
China’s coal use outpaces that of the United States, EU, and Japan combined. Coal accounts for 70 percent of China’s energy needs. China is building a new pulverized coal power plant every week. China will soon pass the United States as the biggest emitter of carbon dioxide. If China continues its course, it could cause carbon dioxide levels to quadruple. So it’s vital to engage China.
That is why a private/public partnership that funds key carbon dioxide reduction projects on a bilateral basis is so important.
The business community should consider investing in joint ventures to develop clean power quickly in China, as well as the United States.
Bottom line: now is the time to act.
And here’s what I’d like to ask you to do. Please support these bills.
Let the members of the House and the Senate you support them.
Right now, the mentality of the congress is do-nothing, and it won’t work.
The choice is clear. It is time to stop talking and to begin acting.
Thank you.

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